Infant Short Term Memory and the Attention Span Essay

Infant Short Term Memory and the Attention Span - Essay Example The ability of carrying out various mental tasks consists of the use of cognitive functions. This developmental phase varies between infants in regard to whether they are full term infants or premature and also on what their short term memory capabilities are as well. Short-term memory in itself is a limited function even for adults, and infants in particular haven't quite mastered the skill of recalling events that happen in a short time frame (Cowan et al 1999, p. 1082). Nevertheless, in regards to attention span and some other cognitive abilities within infants, there appears to be a response to differentiating stimuli which shows that depending on what is used to gain their attention and maintain it varies from infant to infant. One study in particular was carried out on infants to gain an idea on what holds and keeps their attention span, with this one pertaining to what effects synchronized lighting has on infants (Colombo & Richman 2002, p. 475). This study showed that infants did pay attention to the timed lighting effect as their heart rate was found to increase in a pattern when the lights would flicker at specific times. This of course showed that even though infants aren't alert and wholly focused on every inanimate object that they come in contact with some of these various stimuli have a more profound affect than others. Furthermore, this one study was able to pinpoint the fact that infants seem to have the exact ability as adult people to be able to time exactly when a light simulation is going to take place, which shows that they are able to keep track of time when it is in regards to simulations of patterns. This in itself gives a positive idea of how important attention span is in infants as it is one of the key elements in contiguity learning within the early educational process (Colombo & Richman 2002, p. 477). In the past it was presumed that infants have a very short attention span but as more research has been carried out it is now being questioned just how short their attention really is. The reason this is stated is because, just like the previous test mentioned, this next study showed that babies might actually have the ability to distinguish characteristics of adding and subtracting, of course with a minute set of numbers (Wakeley et al 2000, p. 1525). When an infant is shown a display of a perceptual nature their attention span seems to be more focused, especially if the elements in the display are in the amount of three's, but no bigger amount than four. Research has shown that when cognitive researchers have added to the display or taken away the infants have been very alert to the actions and pay very close attention in what appears to be a detailed manner towards problem solving. This seemingly refutes the belief that infants attentions span is short as it is being shown that t his varies depending upon what the baby is being given to study and explore (Wakeley et al 2000, p. 1526). This type of study however did not give the same results for all infants that were included in it but even so, the majority of infants from the age range of 4 months to 9 months were very alert to the problem solving with innate objects and

Shape Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shape Strategy - Essay Example This kind of technology helps to improve effectiveness, efficiency, productivity, cost, elasticity and service quality of the business entity. IT enabled facilities of the organization help to build up the competitive advantage of the company by providing consumers with superior services. The successful deployment and adoption of IT will enable the company to accomplish success more easily. Five specific areas where IT represents a risk to a company’s competitive advantage: The five risks that the company has to consider during the course of its business are: â€Å"the bargaining power of buyers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products or services, and threats from new entrants† (Mishra, 2012, par. 1). Threat of Entry: The entry of new firms to an industry bring new ability and a need to gain market share that puts stress on costs, prices and the price of investment essential to compete in the market. Microeconomics justifies that profitable industries attract new competition until the downward pressure on costs has forced our all financial profit from the industries. The most obvious sign of a company deteriorating is its failure to address to IT communications, which is the foundation for the break of the efficiency of IT generally. This vulnerability most frequently manifests itself in insufficient environment management tools, unreliable? old hardware etc. The power of suppliers: Powerful suppliers play a significant part in controlling the price of their products and services by charging high cost for limited services, high costs in general, or changing costs according to different customers. Suppliers are powerful if they are capable of charging differentiated price. Leading IT risk units have performed extensive research and have reached the conclusion that organizations which proactively deal with IT risks reap the most profits and benefits. The power of buyers: IT risk most frequently occurs during the breakdo wn of the enterprise business management to help with oversight of IT in some rational governance structure. The threat of substitutes: A substitute product functions similarly to that of the organization’s products but only by a different means. Positive IT risk management creates three competitive advantages for an organization. First, there is fewer firefighting. This permits the enterprise to concentrate on more strategic and productive work. Second, the base is better prepared thus freeing personnel, resources and dollars to focus more on efforts that can increase the price of the product. Third, the project is located in a stronger location than others to charge risk and? therefore? potentially employ chances that others would think too risky. Rivalry among existing competitors: Risk both downside and upside may happen from globalization, emerging technology, data growth, vendor chain complexities, economic ebbs and flows, client expectations as well as compliance suppl ies. Five specific areas in which IT may support or promote a company’s competitive advantage. Threat of new entrants: The increased usage of Information technology globally has many sides to it? one of which makes the threat of new entrants high. Mainly the entry of new firms has been made possible from the transition of wired technology to wireless? and such related facilities. The power of suppliers: Strategic systems have been used to give new facilities to

Biochemical Importance of Water

Biochemical Importance of Water Water is often referred to as the universal solvent and without there would be no life on this planet. Its involvement is extensive from cellular processes in organism to providing a habitat for life. In this essay I will examine the reason for waters properties and how its properties allow for its vast involvement. A water molecule is comprised of 2 hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. The oxygen forms 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals resulting in a tetrahedral shape. The sp3 hybrid orbitals come about from the overlap of the 2s orbital and the 2px, 2py and 2pz orbitals of the oxygen. Two of these hybrids then overlap with the 1s orbital of the hydrogens resulting in two covalent bonds. The other orbitals are occupied by the 2 lone pairs on the oxygen. The VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory states that electrons repel each other and as a result of this the electrons that surround an atom spatially arrange themselves maximising the distance between one another in the effort to reduce this repulsive effect1. However, lone pairs have a greater repulsive effect than valence electrons which results in the distortion of the angle by effecting the positions of the other electrons; this property accounts for waters shape being bent rather than tetrahedral and having a bond angle of 104.5Â ° rather than a tetrahedral angle of 109.5Â °1. Waters polar nature is contingent upon the difference in the electronegativities of its atoms. Oxygen has a greater electronegativity than hydrogen resulting in oxygen having a bigger pull on the electrons than the hydrogen. The result of this is an inductive effect where the electrons in the covalent bond being drawn closer to the oxygen. As a result of the inductive effect, the oxygen has a partial negative charge (ÃŽ ´-) while the hydrogens possess a partial positive charge (ÃŽ ´+) producing a polar substance. Waters polar nature allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between one another. The partially positive hydrogen of one atom forms a hydrogen bond with partially negative oxygen of another water molecule. The partial charges on the atoms that make up water allow it to act as a solvent for ionic or polar substances. In the case of ions, the water can break bonds between one another to form ion-dipole bonds as well as dipole-dipole bonds5. The charge of the ion attracts the opposite charge on the water and is surrounded by the solvent molecules forming either one or more hydration shells. Certain biological molecules possess both polar and non polar regions. The polar regions are said to be hydrophilic and will interact with the solvent through hydrogen bonding. The non polar regions are unable to form hydrogen bonds with the water and therefore are unable to interact with it. The water is said to have a hydrophobic effect2 upon these non polar molecules as they interfere with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. These biological molecules position themselves so that the orientation of the hydrophilic head faces outwards into the solvent while the hydrophobic tail points inwards away from the solvent. Examples of this process would be the micelles, which position themselves so that they form globules and bilayers where they position themselves so that there are two layers of hydrophilic heads pointing outwards into the solvent on either side with the tails conjugating in between. The bond strength of hydrogen is weak comparatively, it is approximately 20 kJ mol-1 compared to 460 kJ mol-1 for the covalent bond between the oxygen and the hydrogen3. Although hydrogen bonds are weak individually they have a cumulative effect. Due to the vast number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in water, water has a high specific heat capacity for its molecular weight (4.18 J K-1 g-1)5 meaning waters able to absorb a substantially high value for heat and as a result the temperature increase is minimal4. This is what makes water an effective temperature buffer. Water spreads the energy from the thermal increase across the entirety of its system; this is the reasoning behind why water is used by organisms to regulate their temperature. Sweat is comprised of water and salt, due to waters high specific heat capacity it requires a lot of energy to evaporate the sweet off the body6. The thermal energy generated by the body is used to evaporate the sweat which in turn cools the body down. This principle also explains why water can exist in liquid forms and allows for the existence of oceans, lakes, etc. Waters existence as a liquid is vital to existence of life. Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane. If animal cells were surrounded by an aqueous environment which differs in water potential from their own it could result in cell shrinkage or bursting. In an effort to prevent this, the cells are immersed in an aqueous solution with a similar osmotic potential to that in the cell (isotonic). An example of where osmosis plays a large part in biology is in homeostasis. Water regulation in the body is controlled by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain. The low levels of water in the blood cause these cells to shrink due to osmosis; this causes neurosecretory cells to release the hormone ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)7. Controlling the levels of ADH controls the permeability of the collecting duct, in the liver, to water and thereby controlling the levels of water in the blood and subsequently the body. Each water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds with 4 other water molecules. Although these water molecules dont stay constantly bonded to each other, reorienting every 10-12 s 3, the extensive network of these bonds results in a large cohesive force holding water together. This is vital for the role water plays for transpiration in plants. When water evaporates and leaves through the stomata a water gradient causes the water to be pulled up the xylem. The water molecules above drag the ones below it due the bonds between them. Waters adhesive properties also play a role in this as it gives water the ability to overcome the gravitational force acting upon it through the adhesion between the water and the cell walls in the xylem. Water is used inside complex organisms to break down macromolecules into their sub units. One of the hydrogens of the water is added to one substituent while the hydroxyl group in water is added to the other sub unit. This process is therefore known as hydrolysis. This is important in terms of converting long term storage of carbohydrates, such as glycogen in the body and starch in plants, into short term carbohydrates used in metabolism. The reverse of this process is known as dehydration. When monomers come together to form polymers, the hydroxyl of one and the hydrogen of the other leave giving rise to a polymer. An example of this would be the reaction between amino acids to form proteins, the hydrogen on the amine group and the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl group on the other. Water plays a role in respiration; it cleaves a phosphate off ATP, energy currency of cells, to give ADP and energy for respiration. Waters is produced from the combining of hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation. The significance of this is, the formation of water allows the process to continue7; if water didnt form then cell death would follow. For instance, cyanide inhibits the formation of water from oxidative phosphorylation7. In photosynthesis, water replenishes the electrons lost by the reaction centre. The hydrogen ions of water pass through the channel in the stalk particle providing the energy for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The oxygen that is left combines with another to form O2 and is used in cellular respiration. Water contributes to buffering changes in pH in organisms. It combines with carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate. All these processes are reversible in both directions. This allows it to act as a buffer. If the pH increases the carbon dioxide and water react to form carbonic acid which, in turn, dissociates to release hydrogen ions, which decrease the pH, and bicarbonate6. The reverse occurs for a decrease in pH. In conclusion, the significant processes that water is involved in are due to its polarity and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Michael Porters Analysis Of Starbucks Essay -- essays research papers

Michael Porter, a Harvard Professor introduces his ideology of the Five Forces model that shapes the competition in the industry. Each force is interrelated and therefore leads into the other to show the elements directly involved in the further success or ultimate success of the firm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks Coffee Co. throughout its existence since 1971, with its great management team, innovative style of thinking and strong will to succeed in compliance with its mission and vision statements has and continues to overcome its barriers by recognizing such strategic planning as those included in Porter’s five forces model. The model includes such components as Barriers to Entry, Supplier and Buyer Power, Threat of Substitutions, and most importantly the Industry Competitors. Starbucks throughout its existence has addressed each and every one of Porters forces with a positive edge that has greatly contributed to the success of the company. Starbucks took many risks and spent capital that it really did not have. To build a corporation based on intuition and a trip to Italy has undoubtedly paid off in the long run which is evident throughout the year that Starbucks has been in operation. Howard Schultz, CEO and founder of the company, has stuck to his con viction not to â€Å"sacrifice long-term integrity and values for short-term profit.† He knew if he played his cards right and stuck to his guns it would only be a matter of time that Starbucks would become the world largest coffee industry in the world. He wanted the company to become and international outlet for coffee consumers which not only included men and woman but also addresses the needs and wants of those of all ages and nationalities, children, students and any other category of people that have and interest in Starbucks diverse product line. With constant dedication to the company’s vision and mission statement and believing in the value of market share and name recognition and how critical they are to the success of the company, he was able to achieve his goal within a few years. During this time of course he has been able to open a total of 1,100 stores and continues to do so until this day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks Coffee Co. continues to address the issues introduced in Porter’s Five-Force Model as such:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New Entrants (Barriers to Entry i... ...mployees). Starbucks also only acquires companies that comply with the ethical beliefs and standards set forth by the company because it is believed that this is the only way a company merger can survive or be successful in the long-term. When a foreign company does not comply with the standards set forth by them, Starbucks reacts instantaneously. An example of such an instance was in 1995 when they reacted to the neglectful treatment of the workers in Guatemala who were earning less than $3.00 a day, by enforcing a code of minimal working conditions and pay for foreign subcontractors. The company’s guidelines call for overseas suppliers to pay wages and benefits that â€Å"address the basic needs of workers and their families† and to only allow child labor when it does not interrupt required education (58-11).† Starbucks can be considered a trendsetter not only in products but also in the area of work ethics by sticking to its mission of the company and apply ing it whether working domestic or foreign. Starbucks is socially responsible and responsive to not only the issues affecting the company and the employees but also to that of the community through which they are able to exist. Michael Porters Analysis Of Starbucks Essay -- essays research papers Michael Porter, a Harvard Professor introduces his ideology of the Five Forces model that shapes the competition in the industry. Each force is interrelated and therefore leads into the other to show the elements directly involved in the further success or ultimate success of the firm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks Coffee Co. throughout its existence since 1971, with its great management team, innovative style of thinking and strong will to succeed in compliance with its mission and vision statements has and continues to overcome its barriers by recognizing such strategic planning as those included in Porter’s five forces model. The model includes such components as Barriers to Entry, Supplier and Buyer Power, Threat of Substitutions, and most importantly the Industry Competitors. Starbucks throughout its existence has addressed each and every one of Porters forces with a positive edge that has greatly contributed to the success of the company. Starbucks took many risks and spent capital that it really did not have. To build a corporation based on intuition and a trip to Italy has undoubtedly paid off in the long run which is evident throughout the year that Starbucks has been in operation. Howard Schultz, CEO and founder of the company, has stuck to his con viction not to â€Å"sacrifice long-term integrity and values for short-term profit.† He knew if he played his cards right and stuck to his guns it would only be a matter of time that Starbucks would become the world largest coffee industry in the world. He wanted the company to become and international outlet for coffee consumers which not only included men and woman but also addresses the needs and wants of those of all ages and nationalities, children, students and any other category of people that have and interest in Starbucks diverse product line. With constant dedication to the company’s vision and mission statement and believing in the value of market share and name recognition and how critical they are to the success of the company, he was able to achieve his goal within a few years. During this time of course he has been able to open a total of 1,100 stores and continues to do so until this day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Starbucks Coffee Co. continues to address the issues introduced in Porter’s Five-Force Model as such:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New Entrants (Barriers to Entry i... ...mployees). Starbucks also only acquires companies that comply with the ethical beliefs and standards set forth by the company because it is believed that this is the only way a company merger can survive or be successful in the long-term. When a foreign company does not comply with the standards set forth by them, Starbucks reacts instantaneously. An example of such an instance was in 1995 when they reacted to the neglectful treatment of the workers in Guatemala who were earning less than $3.00 a day, by enforcing a code of minimal working conditions and pay for foreign subcontractors. The company’s guidelines call for overseas suppliers to pay wages and benefits that â€Å"address the basic needs of workers and their families† and to only allow child labor when it does not interrupt required education (58-11).† Starbucks can be considered a trendsetter not only in products but also in the area of work ethics by sticking to its mission of the company and apply ing it whether working domestic or foreign. Starbucks is socially responsible and responsive to not only the issues affecting the company and the employees but also to that of the community through which they are able to exist.

How the Elderly Is Affected by New Technology

Essay: HOW THE ELDERLY IS AFFECTED BY NEW TECHNOLOGY by V. Young Most of the elderly grandparents share frustration with new technology. They have grown up in a time when everything around them was produced, developed, or managed without the use of gadgets and gimmicks propelled by technology. Their generation was mostly hands-on while this generation is hands-off. Everyday tasks leads to frustration. When doing the laundry, there are buttons to press to get it done. The television is powered by direct tv/cable with 300-500 stations. The ceiling lights, sprinkler system, heating and air conditioner is a delicate system that requires skill to work it. Driving the car and making repairs is a tremendous task when all its working parts is generated by a complicated electronic system. The elderly sees technology as an unwelcome change just to make phone calls. They see these small, voice activated, cordless, hand held devices, with letters/numbers too small and general operations is a headache, even with the use of a magnifying glass. Most appliances are remote controlled by voice or touch. Even push a button and your coffee is made. Most elderly people lack the education in technology to be able to keep up with this rapid pace. What's worse is that they don't see how they fit into this technological world. When visiting doctors, attorneys, and other specialized personnel, the elderly may not be able to understand the terminology in these various fields. Visits are short, providing too much information to absorbed at once. Knowledge and use of computers could be an effective tool, if they had the skills necessary to use it. Society seems to ignore the elderly, forgetting that many have paved the way for this technological advancement. Elderly individuals are usually on a fixed income. Many live alone, often depending on trustworthy, skilled laborers to repair everyday household items. However, it can prove to be costly, stressful, with a sense of vulnerability, when hiring someone. This generation of young people may not understand the complex nature of technology placed on the elderly. Every senior citizen should be given an opportunity to learn the new way of life. The challenge of knowing technology gets greater, as new and innovative technology emerges each day.

Agriculture in the Uae Essay

Agriculture in the UAE Lying in the heart of the world’s arid zone, the UAE has little rainfall and one would expect it to be a barren place. Barren places there certainly are, but the process of desertification has very largely been arrested in the country. It is now possible to see forests, fields of grass and wheat where once there were only desert sands and winds. The UAE has a long tradition of agriculture in its oases where crops have been grown for 5000 years. Underground water was chandelled to palm groves and small fields and the technique is still used today. Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, this small scale traditional farming has been complemented by investment that has seen thousands of hectares being cultivated. In the past 25 years, the country’s population has increased ten-fold and agricultural production has kept pace with this growth. The country is self-sufficient in salad crops and poultry for much of the year and even exports crops to markets in Europe. Most of the UAE’s agricultural production comes from four areas: from in and around Al Ain, from a narrow but fertile strip along the east coast, from the oasis of Dhaid east of Sharjah and from the gravel plains in Ras al Khaimah. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, agricultural production stands at over Dh 2 billion per year. An average crop season yields over 600,000 tons of crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, lettuce, cabbage and animal feed. Studies have shown that much of the country’s soil can be cultivated provided there is water and as a result, there has been an extensive programme to drill water wells. The government will prepare land for local farmers which they are then given free along with seeds, machinery and advice on pest control. There is also government-funded research on different crops to see how they adapt to the local climate. In an attempt to conserve and use as much water as possible in as many ways as possible, the government has embarked on a three-part programme designed to make the most advantageous use of this scarce resource. First, farmers are given advice on how to reduce their consumption of water, mainly through trickle irrigation. Desalinated water as well as recycled and purified sewage effluent is used. Second, with the help of the United States Geological Survey, the government is searching for ew aquifers and monitoring current rates of extraction. Third and last, to prevent the waste of valuable rainwater, retention dams have been constructed in many areas. These store the water until it can be used for irrigation. Tens of millions of gallons of rainwater are being retained by the dams already built throughout the Emirates. In the long run, of course, it is realized that desalinated water will provide the bulk of agricultural water. There is more to agriculture than simply growing crops. One area that has seen dramatic growth is the keeping of poultry for meat and eggs. The same is true of dairy products. Herds of imported cattle have adapted to the climate and are now producing milk, cheese and yogurt for the local market. The presence of trees and gardens in the UAE is always noticed and commented upon by visitors. Over 10 million trees have been planted plus more than 18 million palm trees. In all the cities and towns of the UAE, there have been beautification campaigns with the creation of parks and gardens for the local people. Any householder, even those in flats, can get free plants from the Municipality under a programme that distributes thousands of plants annually. Besides the greening of the cities and towns there has also been a massive programme in the desert and it is here that most of the trees have been planted. Flying over the desert, one now sees great patches of green where formerly there was only sand. All kinds of arid region plants, both local and imported, have been planted and as they grow to maturity, their roots reach down to the natural water supply. When this happens, they will be able to survive with little care and attention. The face of the land and the environment too have been changed. Wildlife flourishes as do native plants and animals. The UAE was never purely and simply a desert. Today it has become a place where greenery can be seen in both urban and rural areas. Twenty years of dedicated commitment have made the point that the process of desertification is reversible. And given time and money, that is exactly what has happened and is continuing to happen.

the Crucible Compare and Contrast Essays

Scarlet Letter/the Crucible Compare and Contrast Essays Scarlet Letter/the Crucible Compare and Contrast Paper Scarlet Letter/the Crucible Compare and Contrast Paper Essay Topic: The Crucible The Scarlet Letter Compare and Contrast: The Scarlet Letter The Crucible The two main characters; Hester Prynne and Abigail Williams of The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible, respectively, are very similar in the ways they both commit sin in their societies. However, there are differences between the two. Both women committed the sin of adultery but that was Hester’s single sin, Abigail had sin of lust, envy, wrath, and greed none of which are comparable to Hester’s. Hester protected the man she loved and took her blame to make sure his name in the town did not go rotten, while Abigail dragged her own friends into the web of lies she created and but not only her own name under the name of witchcraft but also the ones she loved and loved her. Hester was repentant of her sin by wearing her scarlet letter but Abigail went to no end to attempt to clear her name of the unwholesome crime she had carried out. Abigail’s reluctance to admit to what she did made it all the harder for the people of her town to find forgiveness in her. Guilt, it consumes both souls of Arthur Dimmesdale and John Proctor from The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible, respectively. It weighs them down and keeps dragging them into the darkness of their own mind until they have nothing left. Dimmesdale and Proctor were both sufferers of their sin of adultery; Dimmesdale’s internal suffering however was unlike Proctor’s vengeance. Abigail used witchcraft to make rid of Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, Abigail being Proctor’s â€Å"secret lover† she was envious of his wife. After the guilt of committing such a sin and the will to be faithful to his wife, the guilt started to weigh Proctor down just as it had to Dimmesdale. Both the guilt of Dimmesdale and Proctor was symbolic; this was the price they had to pay for their sin. They had to be beaten down by their own guild internally to see the realization of what they have done. Dimmesdale always loved Hester and he would have ran away with her if it wasn’t for his unhopeful outlook on his life. The fate of Dimmesdale and Proctor differed in the ways of what they wanted to do with their life after the women so desperately wanted to hide away. Proctor denied Abigail from the start, telling her that he only wanted to continue his life farming with his wife. Both Dimmesdale and Proctor dealt with guild as their punishment but their differences on what they wanted for themselves showed who was strong and who was weak.

Ultramares Doctrine Narrative essay Example

Ultramares Doctrine Narrative essay Example Essay Sample Accounting is one of the professions that require outmost care. In many cases, accountants ensure that they execute their duties, as the work requires. Despite this, there are cases when accountant conduct themselves in ways that do not conform to their ethnic requirements. In a case, the Ultramares doctrine is used assess the liability of accountants. Based on this doctrine, accountants are liable to third parties when they do not exercise due care, and when they are aware that third parties will see their work or use them for other purpose. Given the provision of this doctrine, I tend to differ with it concerning how accountants should be assessed when they err and fail take due care. There is need for accounting professionals to use another tool to assess the liability of accountants. This is because the Ultramares doctrine does not provide sufficient measures that can motivate accountants to practice due care in their work. For instance, an accountant may failt to take precautions while executing his work and therefore end up committing a liability. In this case, one may feel comfortable that the client may not be aware of their work or use them in any way that might harm them. The flaw in the Ultramares doctrine calls for an efficient tool that will assess accountants in an efficient way. In accounting profession, accountant should not base their ethical consideration on the Ultramares doctrine because of its shortcoming. First, the Ultramares doctrine will make accountants practice care when need be and not as a duty. This is against the ethical standards of professionals that put the interest of the client before that of the professional. In this case, accountants must be able to protect the client from any harm rather than ensure worry about him committing a liability. I believe that contemporary business does not favor the use of Ultramares Doctrine because of its influence on business operations.

Biography of Pedro de Alvarado, Conquistador

Biography of Pedro de Alvarado, Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado (1485-1541) was a Spanish conquistador who participated in the Conquest of the Aztecs in Central Mexico in 1519 and led the Conquest of the Maya in 1523. Referred to as Tonatiuh or Sun God by the Aztecs because of his blonde hair and white skin, Alvarado was violent, cruel and ruthless, even for a conquistador for whom such traits were practically a given. After the Conquest of Guatemala, he served as governor of the region, although he continued to campaign until his death in 1541. Fast Facts: Pedro de Alvarado Known For: Conquest and enslavement of indigenous people of Mexico and Latin AmericaBorn: c. 1485, Badajoz, Castile, SpainParents: Gà ³mez de Alvarado, Leonor de ContrerasDied: 1541, in or near Guadalajara, New Spain (Mexico)Spouse(s): Francisca de la Cueva, Beatriz de la CuevaChildren: Leonor de Alvarado y Xicotenga Tecubalsi, Pedro de Alvarado, Diego de Alvarado, Gà ³mez de Alvarado, Ana (Anita) de Alvarado (all illegitimate) Early Life Pedros exact year of birth is unknown: it was probably sometime between 1485 and 1495. Like many conquistadores, he was from the province of Extremadura- the city of Badajoz, in his case. Like many younger sons of minor nobility, Pedro and his brothers could not expect much in the way of an inheritance. They were expected to become priests or soldiers, as working the land was considered beneath them. In about 1510 he went to the New World with several brothers and an uncle. They soon found work as soldiers in the various expeditions of conquest that originated on Hispaniola, including the brutal conquest of Cuba. Personal Life and Appearance Alvarado was blond and fair, with blue eyes and pale skin that fascinated the natives of the New World. He was considered affable by his fellow Spaniards and the other conquistadores trusted him. He married twice: first to Spanish noblewoman Francisca de la Cueva, who was related to the powerful Duke of Albuquerque, and then later, after her death, to Beatriz de la Cueva, who survived him and briefly became governor in 1541. His longtime native companion, Doà ±a Luisa Xicotencatl, was a Tlaxcalan Princess given to him by the lords of Tlaxcala when they made an alliance with the Spanish. He had no legitimate children but did father several illegitimate ones. Alvarado and the Conquest of the Aztecs In 1518, Hernn Cortà ©s mounted an expedition to explore and conquer the mainland, and Alvarado and his brothers quickly signed on. Alvarados leadership was recognized early on by Cortà ©s, who put him in charge of ships and men. He would eventually become Cortà ©s right-hand man. As the conquistadores moved into central Mexico and a showdown with the Aztecs, Alvarado proved himself time and again as a brave, capable soldier, even if he did have a noticeable cruel streak. Cortà ©s often entrusted Alvarado with important missions and reconnaissance. After the conquest of Tenochtitln, Cortà ©s was forced to head back to the coast to face Pnfilo de Narvez, who had brought soldiers from Cuba to take him into custody. Cortà ©s left Alvarado in charge while he was gone. The Temple Massacre In Tenochtitln (Mexico City), tensions were high between the indigenous people and the Spanish. The noble class of Aztecs seethed at the audacious invaders, who were laying claim to their wealth, property, and women. On May 20, 1520, the nobles gathered for their traditional celebration of Toxcatl. They had already asked Alvarado for permission, which he had granted. Alvarado heard rumors that the Mexica were going to rise up and slaughter the intruders during the festival, so he ordered a pre-emptive attack. His men slaughtered hundreds of unarmed nobles at the Festival. According to the Spanish, they slaughtered the nobles because they had proof that the festivities were a prelude to an attack designed to kill all of the Spanish in the city. The Aztecs, however, claimed the Spanish only wanted the golden ornaments many of the nobility were wearing. No matter what the cause, the Spanish fell on the unarmed nobles, slaughtering thousands. The Noche Triste Cortà ©s returned to Mexico and quickly tried to restore order, but the effort was in vain. The Spanish were under a state of siege for several days before they sent Emperor Moctezuma to speak to the crowd. According to the Spanish account, he was killed by stones thrown by his own people. With Moctezuma dead, the attacks increased until the night of June 30, when the Spanish tried to sneak out of the city under cover of darkness. They were discovered and attacked; dozens were killed as they attempted to escape, laden down with treasures. During the escape, Alvarado allegedly made a mighty leap from one of the bridges. For a long time afterward, the bridge was known as Alvarados Leap. Guatemala and the Maya Cortà ©s, with the help of Alvarado, was able to regroup and retake the city, setting himself up as governor. More Spanish arrived to help colonize, govern, and rule the remnants of the  Aztec Empire. Among the loot discovered were ledgers of sorts detailing tribute payments from neighboring tribes and cultures, including several considerable payments from a culture known as the Kiche far to the south. A message was sent to the effect that there had been a change in management in Mexico City but the payments should continue. Predictably, the fiercely independent Kiche ignored it. Cortà ©s selected  Pedro de Alvarado  to head south and investigate, and in 1523 he gathered up 400 men, many of whom had horses, and several thousand indigenous allies. The Conquest of Utatln Cortà ©s had been successful because of his ability to turn Mexican ethnic groups against one another, and Alvarado had learned his lessons well. The Kiche Kingdom, located in the city of Utatln near present-day Quetzaltenango in Guatwasa, was by far the strongest of the kingdoms in the lands that had once been home to the Mayan Empire. Cortà ©s quickly made an alliance with the Kaqchikel, traditional bitter enemies of the Kiche. All of Central America had been devastated by disease in the previous years, but the Kiche were still able to put 10,000 warriors into the field, led by Kiche warlord Tecà ºn Umn.  The Spanish routed the Kiche  in February 1524 at the battle of El Pinal, ending the greatest hope of large-scale native resistance in Central America. Conquest of the Maya With the mighty Kiche defeated and their capital city of Utatln in ruins, Alvarado was able to pick off the remaining kingdoms one by one. By 1532 all of the major kingdoms had fallen, and their people had been given by Alvarado to his men as virtual slaves. Even the Kaqchikels were rewarded with slavery. Alvarado was named  the governor  of Guatemala and established a city there, near the site of present-day  Antigua. He served for 17 years. Further Adventures Alvarado was not content to sit idly in Guatemala counting his newfound wealth. He would abandon his duties as governor from time to time in search of more conquest and adventure. Hearing of the great wealth in the Andes, he set out with ships and men to conquer  Quito. By the time he arrived, it had already been captured by  Sebastian de Benalcazar  on behalf of  the Pizarro brothers. Alvarado considered fighting the other Spaniards for it, but he ultimately allowed them to buy him off. He was named the governor of Honduras and occasionally went there to enforce his claim. Alvarados Cruelty as Described by Las Casas All of the conquistadores were ruthless, cruel and bloodthirsty, but Pedro de Alvarado was in a class by himself. He ordered massacres of women and children, razed entire villages, enslaved thousands, and threw indigenous people to his dogs when they displeased him. When he decided to go to the Andes, he took with him thousands of Central Americans to work and fight for him; most of them died en route or once they got there. Alvarados singular inhumanity drew the attention of  Fray Bartolomà © de Las Casas, the enlightened Dominican who was the Great Defender of the Indians. In 1542, Las Casas wrote A Short History of the Destruction of the Indies, in which he railed against the abuses committed by the conquistadores. Although he did not mention Alvarado by name, Las Casas clearly referred to him: This man in the space of fifteen years, which was from the year 1525 to 1540, together with his associates, massacred no less then five millions of men, and do daily destroy those that are yet remaining. It was the custom of this Tyrant, when he made war upon any Town or Country, to carry along with him as many as he could of the subdued Indians, compelling them to make war upon their Countrymen, and when he had ten or twenty thousand men in his service, because he could not give them provision, he permitted them to eat the flesh of those Indians that they had taken in war: for which cause he had a kind of shambles in his Army for the ordering and dressing of mans flesh, suffering Children to be killed and boiled in his presence. The men they killed only for their hands and feet, for those they accounted dainties. Death Alvarado returned to Mexico to campaign in the Mexican northwest around 1540. In 1541, he died in present-day Michoacn when a horse rolled over on him during a battle. Legacy Alvarado is best remembered in Guatemala, where he is even more reviled than is Hernn Cortà ©s in Mexico. His Kiche opponent Tecà ºn Umn is a national hero whose likeness appears on the 1/2 Quetzal note. Even today, Alvarados cruelty is legendary: Guatemalans who do not know much about their history will recoil at his name. In short, he is remembered as the most vicious of the conquistadores- if he is remembered at all. Still, there is no denying that Alvarado had a profound effect on the history of Guatemala and  Central America  in general, even if most of it was negative. The villages and towns he gave away to his conquistadores formed the basis for  some current  municipal divisions and his experiments with moving conquered people around resulted in some cultural exchange among the Maya. Sources: Dà ­az del Castillo, Bernal.  The Conquest of New Spain.  New York: Penguin, 1963 (original  written circa 1575).Herring, Hubert.  A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present.  New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.Foster, Lynn V. New York: Checkmark Books, 2007.de las Casas, Bartolomà ©. An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies, with Related Texts, ed. Franklin W. Knight, tr. Andrew Hurley (Hackett Publ. Co., 2003), pp. 2-3, 6-8.  National Humanities Center, 2006.

Mass Spectrometry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mass Spectrometry - Essay Example The first step involves production of ions of the compound by electron ionization. Each product ion is generated from the molecular ion. The result results are then displayed in a plot of a graph of ion abundance against mass to charge proportion. The ions give information concerning the structure and nature of their original molecule. However, the spectrum of a molecular ion appears at a greater value, which gives the total molecular mass of the substance. Mass spectrometry instrument consist of various components, the detector system that detects ions and record relative abundance of every compound, ion source, which produce gaseous ions and analyser, which resolve ions into their respective mass components. In addition, a computer is also required to monitor and control the instrument, get and manipulate data then use it to compare spectra. With the help of these components, a mass spectrometer can perform various processes. This includes, separating ions in accordance to the ratio of their mass to charge, producing ions from the compound, which is done in the ionization source, fragmenting and analysing ions, processing signals from detector, which are then transmitted to computer system and control the instrument via feedback and detect the ions from the last analyser and measure their abundance. This can be done using the detector, which converts the ions to electrical signals. Mass spectrometry has several advantages compared to the other analytical techniques used. It is highly accurate, can be coupled with liquid chromatography to separate samples further, and has a large mass range, fast, auto runs with sampler or direct injection. On the other hand, it has some drawbacks like it is complicated spectra, salts drown signal which takes more time to filter from the machine, a high intensity peak can eclipse smaller intensity peaks, fine tuning work. In conclusion, although Mass

How have women progressed over the past forty years in The Bahamas Essay

How have women progressed over the past forty years in The Bahamas - Essay Example This paper focuses on how women in the Bahamas acquired the rights to vote, progression of women in leadership especially in politics, education, and legal affairs, as well as issues of poverty and level of income among women. One of the significant progressions of women in the Bahamas is the acquisition of the right to vote. Recently, the Bahamas celebrated the 51st centenary of the Women’s Suffrage Movement. In the past, women and other individuals who did not own property were no allowed to vote in the Bahamas. This movement took place in the 1950’s and it was aimed at fighting for the rights of women to vote like the male population (Hannas-Ewers 70). According to Komolafe, women all over the world were involved in a lot of struggles that saw the world start advocating for the rights of women and issues of equality. It is important to posit that the Bahamas was colonized by the United Kingdom with the earliest English settlers occupying their land as early as the se venteenth century. They gained their independence on July 10, 1973. During the colonial era, only men owning assets were allowed to vote. The reason behind this was the notion that men owning assets laid more significance on the having an efficient leadership (A4). To understand the progression of women in the Bahamas over the last forty years in terms equality in voting, it is important to elucidate the fact that the advancement of shared and collective situations as well as the initiative of impartiality started as early as the nineteenth century. This period saw a lot of women advancing in education and hence many women were involved in development and transformation agendas. This laid the foundation of the Women’s Suffrage Movement. During the periods of the struggle, both women and men were opposed and demanded a rectification of cultural, opinionated, and financial disparities. In 1960, steps and strategies were put into place that would allow women to vote. Consequentl y, women in the Bahamas participated in their initial voting exercise in 1962. The Bahamian constitution is heralded as a preeminent document but some parts form the basis for the discrimination against women. This is supported by West who posits that â€Å"The Women’s Suffrage Movement founded by Mary Ingraham, Georgina Symonette, and Eugenia Lockhart in the early to mid 1950’s aimed to attain the vote for women. With the help of Dr. Doris Johnson, the first Bahamian woman to obtain a doctorate, who mobilized the organization, women succeeded in obtaining the vote in 1961. They voted for the first time in 1962† (22). The United Nations implemented plans of actions that necessitated all nations to bring to an end disparity against women in 1979. This plan of action is known as the International Bill of Rights for Women. This was approved and endorsed by the Bahamas government in 1993. This move significantly ended prejudice and unfairness against women (West 22) . However, according to the constitution, women are given equivalent liberties and privileges based on whether their children are citizens of the Bahamas or whether they are citizens in another country. Currently, women in the Bahamas have made a lot of progression in politics. West points out that â€Å"Dr. Doris Johnson was the first woman to be a cabinet minister (1968) and the first to

Ancient Magical Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient Magical Practices - Essay Example In ancient times, there was no such division. Magical practices encompassed both the passive and aggressive forms of magic with no real dividing line between the two. Early scrolls containing instructions for spell casting would combine both sides of magic on their pages with little regard to whether one was aggressive and one was not. The early practitioners used their spells and amulets in much the same way Christians used their prayers and various symbols. Each incorporated the names of various important figures in their religion into their spells and charms. In fact, the Christian incantations were phrased much like the hexes of those who practice magic. There are many similarities in the way each set phrased their spells or incantations, such as the way each asks for assistance from a deity, whether for themselves or someone else. The magical texts used more key words, words believed by ancient peoples to contain more power than a normal word. Often these parts of the hex or spe ll were written in a different language or alphabet, which would possibly have enhanced their power in the spell. The Christian incantations used some of these words, gradually less and less as they were replaced with biblical quotes. This practice can even be linked to modern prayer rituals where certain words or segments of biblical text are repeated to enhance the experience and are expected to yield greater results on behalf of the deity. Both forms of religion are enlisting the aid of their respective incantations and amulets in an effort to gain what they desire, whether is the destruction of an enemy, the protection of a loved one, or their own renewed health. For the magical practitioner, the path laid out to follow to that goal may be vastly different depending upon what is sought. For example, if one is seeking vengeance against someone else, enlisting the aid of a deity, in magic there will more than likely be a complicated ritual involving herbs or some other form of offering to be placed in a certain area while the incantation is read to invoke the favor of the deity. In Christianity, there would be a short incantation to request favor from God to request what the person wishes. However, other spells or rituals could be very similar, such as the request for protection. In both instances, the request is generally very simple and may be followed by the wearing of an amulet believed to protect the wearer against harm (Various). Where the magical practitioner has assigned different tasks to different deities, Christians have also assigned different tasks or areas of responsibility to saints, lower deities, from the Holy Trinity. Christian saints are often people of great faith in their religion who have passed away. This practice is similar to magical practices in that each creates amulets for different deities or saints who protect the wearer against different ailments or other problems in life. To aid against a specific problem, the amulet may be placed on different parts of the body, or placed in different areas throughout the home to increase effectiveness. There is often some sort of short incantation that accompanies these amulets, usually printed on the back or around the edge, whether the amulet is Christian or magical. The only difference between the two types of amulets aesthetically is what is depicted or inscribed on them. Christianity and ancient magic truly have more in common in their practices than modern followers of either might like to believe. They were and still remain each a type of religion, encompassing the same basic belief that there are deities who will assist human beings in their day to day lives. They

Art-opinion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art-opinion paper - Essay Example There is a wide variety of artworks in the art gallery which range from traditional fine art to contemporary art. These works are outstanding examples of the role of art in a society. At its best, Robischon Gallery gives a completed and perfect picture of the various types of artworks in the art galleries in Denver, Colorado. I was happy to visit the Robischon Gallery last month for the monthly exhibition of regional, national and international artists and such exhibitions have been in practice since 1976. I witnessed the gallery’s major exhibitions which embody the current pluralism in artworks. The artists who were present in the exhibition dealt in detail with a wide range of stylistic and contextual concerns in artworks which also suggested the current pluralism in artworks. The Robischon Gallery’s fundamental exhibition program was also a forum for the discussions on the current dialogues in the art world, including the rise and impact of Chinese contemporary art. There were several major artworks by the significant artists of integrity with vision and compelling ideas. â€Å"Robischon Gallery represents and exhibits artists who cover a range of notoriety including Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Manuel Neri, Bernar Venet, Robert Motherwell, Judy Pfaff, Richard Serra and Ellsworth Kelly, in tandem with emerging artists new to the professional level. Robischon Gallery consistently features work by artists of integrity with vision and compelling ideas, while acknowledging the historical precedence of their idiom.† (Robischon Gallery) Therefore, the artworks in the Robischon Gallery in the Denver art galleries, Colorado have significant permanence in the minds of the art lovers who visit the gallery and I was fortunate to have a personal acquaintance with these important works of art which were luxury to the eyes and heart. The Robischon Gallery in the Denver art galleries, Colorado is an awesome gallery to visit and

Is health and physical education beneficial enough to students to keep Essay

Is health and physical education beneficial enough to students to keep in our school systems - Essay Example 7) However, school curriculum should not be confined to teaching academic subjects that hone the students’ intellectual skills. The personality and behavior of an individual is developed through absorbing diverse issues that shape their needs, preferences and actions. Individuals do not exist in a nutshell; they interact, relate, and behave in specific manners which eventually affect their health. According to Kolbe (1993 p. 12), â€Å"the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finds that most major health problems in the United States today are caused by six categories of behavior: behaviors that lead to intentional and unintentional injuries; smoking; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors leading to sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and unintended pregnancy; poor nutrition; and lack of physical activity†. He further emphasized that â€Å"behaviors and attitudes about health that are initiated during childhood are responsible for most of the leading causes of death, illness, and disability in the United States today. Comprehensive school health education programs represent one effective way of providing students with the knowledge and skills to prevent health-impairing behaviors.† (Kolbe 1993 p. 13) The schools’ curriculum should include subjects which promote health and physical education to enforce correct behavioral patter ns at a young age and continue this positive reinforcement until adulthood. Therefore, health promotion and physical education in the schools is of critical importance. There has been the underlying belief that â€Å"if young people (5-18 years) receive basic knowledge about a health issue, they will adopt appropriate health enhancing behaviours. Most school health programs, projects and packages were designed based on this belief. However, research in the last 20 years suggests that the provision of information will lead to behavior change approach is

Are We Living in a Moral Stone Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Are We Living in a Moral Stone Age - Essay Example To illustrate her main argument, the author cites an interview done by Jay Leno in Tonight Show. Based on this interview, Sommers points out that the youth nowadays do not read the Bible, and they cannot tell what is right from wrong. The technique of using the interview is similar to telling an anecdote to attract the interest of her readers. The interview conducted with the two college students serves as the springboard to the discussion. The story attracts the attention of the readers with its humorous yet sarcastic content. The content of the interview also challenges the readers to provide their own response to the interview questions. The interview by Jay Leno functions as logos. It challenges the mind of the readers to think of the right answer to the questions posted by the host. Additionally, the result of the interview provides a basis for the author’s argument. Sommers provides the evidence first before explaining her point. The interview additionally functions as e thos. In particular, the familiarity of the readers with Jay Leno and his program, Tonight Show helps to establish credibility. Sommers relies on the credibility of Jay Leno to initially convince her readers. Nevertheless, even those who are not acquainted with Jay Leno and his show would still give merit to the given example taking into consideration that the show appears regularly on TV, and the interview called â€Å"man-on-the-street† is conducted â€Å"frequently† by the host. Readers may opine that a regular show such as Tonight Show will not stay long on national TV if it is not credible enough. Hence, one can claim that Sommers used a very good example to win her readers’ attention. Sommers further uses ethos as she mentions being a professor of ethics. This technique establishes her credibility in giving opinions on ethical issues. She cites her personal observations to further demonstrate her view. Considering her as a professor, her readers may consid er her insights valuable because they are based on her professional experience. Therefore, informing readers of her position as a college professor makes Sommers a more credible and experienced writer in the minds of the readers. Furthermore, Sommers uses pathos to convince her readers. After identifying herself as a professor of ethics, she expresses her concern for the American youth, saying, â€Å"One of the best things our schools can do for America is to set about repairing it — by confronting the moral nihilism that is now the norm for so many students.† Coming from a professor, this statement demonstrates that Sommers is genuinely concerned about the morals of students. Noting her concern, readers will be convinced of the author’s truthfulness, hence view her as a highly credible writer. Sommers divides her ideas into subheadings. Each subheading hints on a different angle of the issue, which allows the author to expound her ideas further. The first subhe ading is titled, â€Å"Conceptual Moral Chaos.† This part works in two ways. First, it implies the limitations of her scope. Second, it further builds the confidence of her readers on her claim. Reading this part fully will give readers an idea of what Sommers is pertaining to when she claims that â€Å"young people are morally confused.† Her claim about the youth may sound too judgmental for a young reader who would possibly feel skeptical about the claim. However, reading

Is health and physical education beneficial enough to students to keep Essay

Is health and physical education beneficial enough to students to keep in our school systems - Essay Example 7) However, school curriculum should not be confined to teaching academic subjects that hone the students’ intellectual skills. The personality and behavior of an individual is developed through absorbing diverse issues that shape their needs, preferences and actions. Individuals do not exist in a nutshell; they interact, relate, and behave in specific manners which eventually affect their health. According to Kolbe (1993 p. 12), â€Å"the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) finds that most major health problems in the United States today are caused by six categories of behavior: behaviors that lead to intentional and unintentional injuries; smoking; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors leading to sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and unintended pregnancy; poor nutrition; and lack of physical activity†. He further emphasized that â€Å"behaviors and attitudes about health that are initiated during childhood are responsible for most of the leading causes of death, illness, and disability in the United States today. Comprehensive school health education programs represent one effective way of providing students with the knowledge and skills to prevent health-impairing behaviors.† (Kolbe 1993 p. 13) The schools’ curriculum should include subjects which promote health and physical education to enforce correct behavioral patter ns at a young age and continue this positive reinforcement until adulthood. Therefore, health promotion and physical education in the schools is of critical importance. There has been the underlying belief that â€Å"if young people (5-18 years) receive basic knowledge about a health issue, they will adopt appropriate health enhancing behaviours. Most school health programs, projects and packages were designed based on this belief. However, research in the last 20 years suggests that the provision of information will lead to behavior change approach is

Report will focus on analysing the existence of power Essay Example for Free

Report will focus on analysing the existence of power Essay Introduction This report will focus on analysing the existence of power, control and resistance within an organisation with particular reference toward Australia’s largest and most successful telecommunications provider, Telstra (Telstra, 2013). Applying widely recognised theoretical frameworks and concepts against these focus areas, a critical analysis has been conducted and assessed with the findings referenced throughout the report determining the positive and negative impacts each are having on Telstra the organisation and its stakeholders. The three focus areas of power, control and resistance are major influences within any organisation and critical to its success. Power and control can be perceived as being the same within an organisation, however there are key differentiators between the two that is important to identify and understand. Both power and control of an organisation can have various levels of influence on its stakeholders depending on a companies geographical or workforce size and culture. A level of power labeled as â€Å"Domination† identifies the way that an organisation can ultimately shape the preferences, attitudes and even political outlooks of its stakeholders (Sadan, 1997). The area of control stems from the introduction of â€Å"scientific management† introduced by (Taylor, 2007). Taylor’s methodologies of control are still predominant in many modern organisations that adopt various means to maintain a controlled workplace. Such means can consist of forms of surveillance such as email and phone scanning, remote working arrangements and segmentation of skills. Jermier, Knights, Nord refer to resista nce within an organisation as constituting forms of power that’s exercised by subordinates within a workplace. Example forms or â€Å"faces† of resistance are refusal, voice, escape and creation. With an understanding of the theoretical frameworks and concepts of these three focus areas, various stakeholders of Telstra have been interviewed to construct a comprehensive analysis on what impact power, control and resilience is having on the organisation and its stakeholders. Methodology Being one of the largest organizations in Australia, power, control, and resistance is spread throughout the companies multiple functions and sectors. It is these elements that aid in shaping the way Telstra operates. This fact has led to various methods being utilized to collect and critically analyse information on Telstra regarding these three aspects of organizational behaviour. Both primary and secondary research was conducted for this report. Primary sources include conversations with Telstra stakeholders in conjunction with online secondary research. Stakeholders include employees of Telstra as well as the customers themselves. By learning about their experiences with Telstra a better understanding of the organization was created as well as how power, control, and resistance are evident in Telstra. The use of primary and secondary research allowed for power, control and resistance to be critically analysed in Telstra. A number of theories were also addressed in the analysis of Telstra. Relevant aspects of power, control, and resistance were explored and applied to Telstra to develop this report. As power, control, and resistance are different elements of organizational behaviour, a range of theories needed to be used in order to properly analyse Telstra. This also led to the stakeholder interviews being less formal due to questions having to cover such as large industry and often transparent elements of organizational behaviour. To address the issue of power in Telstra, a number of cases were used to identify the scope of power itself in Telstra and how those in power are at times abusing it or using it as a tool for manipulation. In some cases, the extremities of Telstra are clearly shown. Alongside this evidence and research, the theoretical framework of the ‘four faces of power’ derived from Lukes (1986) and Foucault (1977) was used for analysis of the company. As Telstra is a very large company, appropriate control systems and management of control is essential throughout all the functions of the business. To analyse how control plays a critical role in Telstra, different functions of the organization and their appropriate control mechanism were explo red. This was done through researching into examples and cases of how Telstra has managed it’s control systems. Similarly to the use of the ‘four faces of power’, resistance was also analysed using a comparable framework. The framework used was the ‘four faces of resistance’. This framework helped to highlight areas where employees show resistance and how far they can take it. Research and cases gathered coupled together with the four faces of resistance aided in presenting and analysing the various issues of resistance and how it exists in Telstra. Organisational Power â€Å"Power is derived from owning and controlling the means of production and how this power is reinforced by organisational structures and rules of governance† (Weber and Marx, 1948) Telstra as an organization consists of management hierarchy comprising of numerous Directors and Executives that hold responsibility for the direction and public image of Telstra. These positions at times are extremely demanding as their everyday decisions can, and will have an effect on the business profits and customer satisfaction levels. Power is crucial amongst these ranks as it is required to make necessary changes and improvements to policy and procedure in the highly competitive industry of telecommunications. Ultimately the responsibility of the performance of Telstra resides with the CEO (David Thodey) and the supporting Directors (executive and non-executive). As the ‘Top-level manager’, David Thodey makes decisions affecting the entire company. He does not direct the day -to-day activities of the company; instead he sets goals for the organization and directs the company to achieve them. An example is the announcement of a strategy of market differentiation and a renewed focus on customer service and satisfaction (Telstra Website, 2009). Top managers are ultimately responsible for the performance of the organization (Simmering, 2007). Following the top-level management group is the middle-level managers, who set goals for their departments and other business units. Middle managers are charged with motivating and assisting first-line managers to achieve the company’s objectives. They also play an important role by communicating and offering suggestions to the top managers, as they are more involved in the day-to-day workings of the company. The next level of management is the first-level. This level is responsible for the daily management of the employees who actually produce the product or offer the service. Although first-level managers typi cally do not set goals for the organization, they have a very strong influence on the company, as they are the managers that most employees interact with on a daily basis. Telstra’s use of coercion internally has become evident in various situations. By assessing the four faces of power we can see how intimidation towards workers has resulted in a number of public outbursts. An unethical and undisclosed strategy was introduced by Telstra during 2008 whereby 15,000 employees were targeted to sign up to Australian Workforce Agreements (AWA) before the ban on agreements was to be imposed by the Government (Eastley, 2008). A confidential Telstra document showed that managers were given 29 pages of tips on how to best convince workers to signing up to AWA’s (Hawley, 2008). The document urged managers to use psychological profiling of employees when considering who to target and were rewarded with bonuses once successfully signing workers up to workplace agreements. This method of power is an example of coercion. Telstra has clearly done something unethically in this situation. The company’s actions have demonstrated a coercive environment that maximises pressure through psychological manipulation. Domination is a level of power that identifies the way in which an organisation can ultimately shape the preferences, attitudes and even political outlooks of its stakeholders Lukes (1986). Telstra’s domination of most communications markets and its ability to leverage market power across markets is a consequence of its structure. The result is the failure of competition affecting all consumer groups. The ideal solution is a form of structural separation of Telstra. This objective can be achieved through the creation of a regulatory package that delivers as much of the benefit as possible that would be derived from structural separation, while acknowledging the limitations of real separation to address the core incentives of Telstra to favour itself (Competitive Carriers’ Coalition Inc, 2005). Workplace bullying is a widespread issue that can only be resolved through an implementation strategy targeting all employees. Employers need to be held accountable and have a str ategy in place to protect the employees from this offence. Unfortunately this is not always the case, in some instances the employer is the one orchestrating the bullying. A recent case in which the Administrative Appeals Tribunal overruled Telstras decision not to pay compensation to an ex-employee for stress and psychological injury shows that it is possible to resist intimidation (Sdrinis, 2012). Mr Sami was successful in wining his compensation claim against Telstra for work-related psychological injuries and in particular in relation to bullying and harassment by his manager over a period of time. This case underlines that managements often-used tactics of subtle bulling and harassment to push people out the door has a human cost which the law is prepared to recognise. Within most major companies, including Telstra, workers have to live with the threat of losing their jobs and this case should encourage workers to stand up to workplace harassment and, if victimized, seek legal advice and compensation. Organisational Control In order to regulate and manage organisational activities and resources, so that accomplishing goals and objectives are possible, organisations need control. It is a significant part of running any business so that a targeted element of performance remains up to organisational standard. There is a considerable amount of responsibility that goes into managing control, as there are many different levels and areas in which organisations define control. Information Resources is an area of control in which include sales forecasting, environmental analysis and production scheduling. In a recent article, Telstra has reported a 12.9 per cent increase in net profit, reaching $3.9 billion, and an increase in revenue up two per cent to $26 billion (Bartholomeusz, Technology Spectator, 2013). Telstra chief executive officer David Thodey said it was the â€Å"third consecutive year of significant customer growth for Telstra mobile, driven by $1.2 billion of investment in the network during the y ear.† As profit results slightly bettered expectations, this can only leave a positive impact on employees, shareholders and the organisation itself. For instance, as a result of meeting organisational goals and objectives, employees get to keep their job, and keep the shareholders content. In any organisation, operations control is needed to control the processes used to transform resources into products and services. As Telstra is constantly aspiring to grow as a company and are faced with new business opportunities, changes in operational processes takes place as a result, workers find themselves jobless. The terminal decline of Telstra’s once-dominant telephone business and the rise of new business opportunities have forced the telco giant into a major operational restructure that will affect half the companys 30,000 strong domestic workforce (Bingemann, 2013). (Telstra Chief Operations officer Brendon Riley, is likely to see hundreds of jobs cut from the telco as i t transitions its operations and IT divisions from infrastructure-based businesses to more of a software and services future (Bingemann, 2013). Although this may mean good news for Telstra advancing as an organisation, this change in operations control is affecting the lives of 30,000 loyal employers and their families. Telstra’s financial control plan has an upside and a downside. Like most organisations, a budget control provides a way of measuring performance across different aspects within the company. Also control the financial resources as they flow into, are held by, and flow out of the organisation. Telstra while having generated some $2 billion in savings has punished workers by cutting 1,000 net local jobs over the past two and a half years (Bartholomeusz, Business Spectator, 2013). Although the savings are benefiting Telstra’s fast-growing mobile business, the price to pay is substantial for those 1,000 workers who need to make ends meet. Telstra has insisted that it can simultaneously cut costs while improving customer service b y reducing errors, queries and complaints that allow it to, for instance, reduce call centre staff (Bartholomeusz, Business Spectator, 2013). As technology advances, so does the way people do things. With the new possibilities of using apps and online resources to ask questions, queries and form complaints, the need for call centre workers reduces sizeable Organisational Resistance Within the multinational telecommunication company Telstra, numerous accounts of resistance both internally and externally have risen from management decisions by the company’s head. Several incidents have occurred in which the public and workers have raised their voice in resistance against some of the giant’s actions. By assessing the four faces of resistance, we can see typical and expected responses from the public and workers. One incident occurred earlier this year in February. Telstra slashed over 700 jobs from their Sensis network, which resulted in mass rallies and protests by union leaders and workers alike (Conifer, 2013). This method of resistance is an example of ‘voice.’ By publicly displaying and enforcing their dissatisfaction against the loss of their jobs, the union workers are resisting Telstra’s actions. The rally and protests have been constructed to highlight the unsatisfactory methods of Telstra. As Telstra grows as a company, many Australian jobs are being sent offshore, particularly to Asian nations. The rapid growth of the company forces management and corporate heads to expand the company to increase revenue and profits, at the expense of Australian jobs. In July of this year, over 170 jobs were sent offshore to India, which lead to widespread union outrage (Bingemann, www.theaustralian.com.au/business, 2013). The Communication, Electrical and Plumbing union, as well as the Community and Public Sector unions protested and demanded negotiations in regards to job losses. The fact that unions stood up and resisted to sacrifice their jobs highlights an internal voice of the company. This resistance from the unions demonstrates a type of power that workers have within their job, to stand up against unsatisfactory managerial decisions. (Bingemann, www.theaustralian.com.au/business, 2013) The third face of resistance represents the ‘escape’ side of work. This face is made up of three tools: cynicism, scepticism and dis-identification. Dis-identification refers to the disconnection from ones identity and the work environment. In an incident that occurred in April of 2007, a young girl committed suicide after been given unrealistic work goals and hassled by management staff of Telstra to return to work during her stress leave (Masanauskas, 2007). This amount of pressure lead to her suicide, and the change from her once â€Å"vibrant personality† was transformed into a â€Å"nervous wreck† (Masanauskas, 2007). The young women’s parents described the Telstra staff to be treating their daughter â€Å"like a machine.† From this tragedy, the union demanded realistic work goals and targets. The dis-identification from ‘human’ to ‘machine’ within the workplace highlights the third face of resistance, to escape work. However, this escape was much more serious and punishing, for it was not just a mental escape from work, but a suicide. Conclusion Throughout this report it is made evident that the three focal behavioral characteristics of organisations can have a major impact on its stakeholders. Although these impacts can be both positive and negative it is clear from the examples provided that a balance between what’s positive to both an organisation and its stakeholders remains a huge challenge to maintain. Telstra has been used as a case organisation due to its operational size and market reach throughout the country and spreading to different cultures internationally. Various methods were used to gather and analyse information specific to the affects of power, control and resistance from both internal and external stakeholders of the company which formed the basis of or report. Power of an organisation over its stakeholders is seen almost always as a negative characteristic but is critical to an organisations success. It was found that power in Telstra is delegated down through a hierarchal management structure to manage staff and performance. This lead onto analysing which control methods are being used within Telstra such as performance goals and project deadlines, which have been founded to be a major cause of many bully and stress related complaints. Due to the mismanagement of power and control various cases of industrial action and even suicide has been reported as a form of resistance from stakeholders. This resistance has a negative impact on the public image of the organisation and can potentially affect its market value. It is critical for organisations to achieve a balance between economic growth and ethical practices. Until this happens cases such of those highlighted in the report will continue causing restraint and harm to both the organisation and its stakeholders.

Development and History of the India-Pakistan Space Program

Development and History of the India-Pakistan Space Program HISTORY OF SPACE PROGRAM OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN:- Pakistan space program started in 1961 when Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission were established. Its come under the strategic Plans Division. It is the only research establishment of its own type in Pakistan. The main purpose of SUPARCO is to research and make up new development in the space sciences technology and the application related to the upper space for peace full purposes. Suparco has made two institutes when in Karachi and one Islamabad where it gives training to its employee about aerospace, communication systems and on material engineering and sciences. It offer special course on bachelors and master levels in IST (institute of space technology). Pakistan has launched its first satellite from china in 1990 that was name is BADR1.There is a ground station for satellite of Suparco in Rawat near Islamabad. It is developed mainly for the timely satellite remote sensing for the relevant department like envir onmental department wheatear forecasting and other things like that mainly for peace full purposes. Suparco has program of satellite remote sensing from the last thirty years. In 2001 Pakistan launch another satellite that name is BADR2. It was the earth observation satellite and it is the mile stone towards the making of more satellite. In 2002 Pakistan first geostationary satellite launch by Pakistan that is name as PAKSAT1.It is more efficient then the pervious satellites and it age life is about eight to ten years. Suparco is planning to replace the existing PAKSAT with the with the new satellite with advance feature name as the PAKSAT1-R that is to be replaced in the coming year 2011.  [1]   Relevant to Pakistan Indian space program started in 1963. The Indian space program started by the making of the Thumba Equatorial rocket station and the development work start then after. In 1972 the space commission of India formed and progress towards making of efficient system for space program start the after word. India has get lot of advancement in the field of the space technology. India has the capability of the fabricating of the all types of the satellite and also well enough in the launching the low earth orbit satellite. The most important thing about the Indian program is that it ranks among the six in the world in space program and it capability. The Indian Space Research department set up and gets the responsibility of executing of the space program. India budget for the space increase every year as of the successful progress in this field. There are two type of systems that India has first on is the IRS Indian Remote Sensing system that is basically for the monitorin g and management. It get commission in 1998 with the launch of the IRS-1A. There are about ten IRS satellite of India in space. The second type of the system is INSAT Indian National Satellite system that gets commission in 1983 with the establishment of the INSAT-1B.India has make up successfully launch vehicle fleet that includes LEO, SLV-3, ASLV, and GSLV.  [2]  Indian space program produces both the satellite and the launchers. The direction of the Indian space program has changed as in man and lunar program. As India program is dual use program now mean using the technology for military and peace full purpose both usages. IMPACT OF SPACE PROGRAM ON CONVENTIONAL FORCES OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN :- Using the space and the satellite there are lot of benefit that can be provided to the national security. It can enchase the defense of a country and it is a force multiplier for the conventional forces. If both countries India and Pakistan enchase their space program this must be have more impact on the conventional forces. The satellite can b very help in for conventional forces as for weather prediction, strategically and the technical type of communication. Both India and Pakistan has the capability to use the GPS system to synchronize timely and placement of the military operations. As there is a conventional, military imbalance between India and Pakistan. The intelligence activity and perfection is also the result of the progress of space technology. Satellite can have the positive impact on the war fighting capacity and the war fighting capability. Conventional forces can be over to each other by over lapping the adversary surveillance and communication. By blocking the commun ication line of the enemy it can effect on warfare nation life of enemy.  [3]  Satellites are very effective for the Naval and Air forces and both countries using GPRS system for the allocation of the ships and aircraft. As these type of advantages are more towards India because of going of the on progress of India. The progress of Indian military space program may have a effect on both the conventional and strategic forces of Pakistan. India has total fifty six number of satellite out of them ten are the military satellite. The whole operation of war fighting now depends upon the satellites. Pakistan is only counterpart Indian one satellite that in air surveillance and space that is 3-4 Atantique opposite to Indian 19 Dornier-228.  [4]  The quantitative conventional imbalances give India an edge over Pakistan. As Pakistan progress towards space program is very less and it is not a strengthen as of the Indian space program. As the 21st century security treats and changing of situation after 911 space command is important for coordination with the conventional forces. As overall situation in the world there are about ten countries that are Appling there space capability to military operations, India is one of them. UAV are good example of the use of technology and more in conventional warfare now. Space had militarized when first satellite went into space. The impact of satellite on the conventional forces is that it makes them strengthen. Both India and Pakistan have a special program for Imaginary of the targets and about the signal intelligence for effective communication. In military operations the signal intelligence and telecommunication system are very effective as far between the front line and the strategic command. Another impact that after communication is that of the meteorology. It is important in the conventional war fighting about the assessment of the weather. As last year the president of India addressing to Indian Air Force fleet said that I visualize the Indian Air Force of 2025 to be based on our scientific and technological competence in the development of communications satellites, high-precision resource mapping satellites, missile systems, unmanned supersonic aerial vehicles and electronics and communication systems,.  [5]  There is difference of opinion between the political and the military leadership of India. The military leadership setup there objective towards space system as the critical military space system where as the political leader ship are of the view of the peaceful intension of the outer space. Suparco is working on anti-satellite system. Indian Defense Research and Development is also working on the anti-satellite system and most probably it launch in coming years. Pakistan aeronautical complex is working on UAV and RPV. One of the big advantages to the conventional forces is of information. Space series are the force multiplier for the square forces. It can be help full for both count ries India and Pakistan to improve the capability and performance of these forces. Space program of military nature are helpful in assessing the treats and then providing warnings. Radar and sensor are attached to the satellite system for more efficiency .As due to the large scale progress India has advantage over Pakistan. Satellite plays a very important role in both the strategy and the operations. Pakistan sensing satellite is under process India already has it. It provides data in operation field about the strength of the forces and for assessing the damage of battle by giving the target information. It can also be help in the deployment of the conventional forces and for the logistic support to the troops deployed at operational areas. The better space awareness environmental monitoring, geospatial information the enchase the capability of conventional forces. Pakistan and India both are focusing on the satellite programs for the national security and military purposes. India is investing a lot in the space program as compare to Pakistan. Due to lack of sources Pakistan program is far behind of Indian space program. As the speedy progress by India it will be in the line of the leading space power in the coming years. The space controlled is based the surveillance negation and protection it can cause more effeteness to conventional force THE IMPACT OF SPACE PROGRAM ON STRATEGIC FORCES OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN The impact of the space program on strategic forces is at large scale. Different country is using the satellites for the monitoring of the launch of ballistic missile from the adversary. Early warning system infrared satellite sensor can detect the missile launches. In case of India and Pakistan both the countries strategic forces has the capability to distorted target outside the country by means of nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles and air crafts. India has 30 to 35 nuclear yield most of the Indian nuclear weapons are confined as the aerial bombs.  [6]  India has Agni II that has range up to 3000 to 3500 km. while not in weapon or delivery system India has frequently improve it satellite contribution to its strategic capability. Indian system of satellite network of communication has the capacity of the one meter can provide India with strategic early warning capability that could help and ensure the survivability of its nuclear forces. Satellite can be useful in the command and control improvement also.  [7]  On the other hand Pakistan posed about 24 to 48 nuclear weapons that include both the aerial and the missile war heads. Shaheen II or Hataf 6 has range up to 3000 km.  [8]  The implication of the satellite on the strategic forces is to guide the missile exact pin point the target. India and Pakistan are developing two type of ASAT. Both countries are modified defense system to intercept satellite. This technology examine for both countries and able to intercept satellite by making effecting missile defense interceptor. As compare to India Pakistan has much smaller space industry base but Pakistan has long attempted to balance and match the Indian deployments. Pakistan is likely to emulate Indian ASAT effort and given the entity between India and Pakistan and the advantages that India drives from the use of the space for military operations. As India is among the major space actor in Asia with China Japan and Russia. India is planning towar d anti satellite testing as done by china in 2007. The strategic forces can get faster victory then the conventional forces as airborne over the enemy armies destroying the economic hubs, communication channels weapons factories the way of transport can bring victory very fast. India is making aero space weapons can influence the war on earth heavily. By using a satellite both countries India and Pakistan can be make perfection in their targets, it can provide more accuracy results. As from strategic point of view India is focusing on the two things. Firstly to integrate aerospace defense command and second is to improve the satellite reconnasise ability. India has launched the three stage rocket that has capability to convert into intermediate range ballistic missile. The technology progress of atomic energy and space program is very important concerned for both the countries India and Pakistan as it has important aspect in the regional strategic balance. India has bought a satellite that has day and night capability it is called as the spy satellite.  [9]  Pakistan shaheen missile has a 1 warhead stage that have antenna that is to projected to service very accurate satellite navigation system. however these type of system provide efficiency in target system and gives data about objective and target to missile commander. Pakistan showing great interest in its own ATBM capability ant tactical ballistic missile, A future missile capable version of china FT2000-A In the strategic forces India has a clear superiority in the development of the indigenous electro optical and future radar satellite that can be help in aiding missile satellite. If acquiring of the HQ-9/FT-2000A ATBM   it will be help against the short range Indian like Dhanush and Prithvi. India is purchasing Awacs radar system from Israel it can upset the balance of power in south Asia.  [10]  Pakistan also have the offer for Awacs system but United States retraced the offer that time in 1980 India raised the question that by introducing this type of strategic technology it can change the strategic arm balance between India and Pakistan. The space surveillance system is important for the strategic forces of both countries; India is investing a lot on this technology. It includes the system for analyzing and the detecting of the object in space and a special feature with the warning system that that detect and warns about the ballistic and outer space launchers. The making of the anti satellite devices by India also have the impact on the balance between India and Pakistan strategic forces. Pakistan should have to make progress towards space program so as to have counter space capability against India. Space related research and defense is of high bud get thing and Pakistan is lacking behind to India in this field. As Pakistan is facing the worst time situation of the security and economical graph of Pakistan has come down. So investing a lot in this type of situation is a difficult task. The new advent in technology automatically make as misbalance between the strategic forces of both the countries. India has also built up a missile shield defense system that can counter any ballistic missile defense in four mints. Both the countries focal point towards the program is that for the desperate strategic technology. The missile program is similar to the Pakistani missile program but advantage India get in the advancement in the space program. That India is using for the dual purpose peaceful and achieving the military objectives. Strategic forces of both countries are focusing also on the development. EFFECT OF ARMS RACE IN SPACE BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN ON INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT Both the countries India and Pakistan focusing on commercial and military satellite, the dual purpose satellite. As the advancement in the technology and enchasing the space program after the nuclear explosion in 1998 start up a arms race between India and Pakistan. Asia there are five major space actors in which there are US, Russia, China, Japan and India. But Pakistan is of important concern as because of the nuclear weapon state in the region. Korea is also coming in the space race with cooperation with Russia. India space program is well establish program and have a assemble range of the military space capability. Pakistan progress is low as compare to India. Pakistan is in corporation with china on ATBM and china is very helpful for Pakistan in assisting it. As India launch Anti satellite after 2007 of china. India is facing challenges from the higher technology advancement by China so it investing a lot on its program. It effect directly on Pakistan. The international environm ent linked with the advancement made by one country to counter other. In this way the arms race increase, China is of the way that to progress in the space program to peer United States and Russia. As India moves to internationalized its space explosion. So the United States continue to isolate in International traffic in arms reduction. The ongoing corporation with United States and Russia on space explosion will have effect on over the entire international environment. Especially in concerned to the Asia and especially for Pakistan and china. The ration behind arms race to make the defense of a country more strong and to have an edge over the adversary. Using of new method and techies in the warfare is old concept. The percentage of GDP of India on it space program is second in the world just after United Sates. Stability in south and south west Asia lays between India and Pakistan the two major power of the region. Space Arms race and the military advancement of both the countries have impact on other countries of the region and also the neighboring countries. India is capturing the international market also by making the low cost launch services. As parity of the nations changes as in the start both India and Pakistan are for peace full purpose that changes with change in the international environment. Country military advancement can effect on the balance of power of the other country so other country also try to accrue that technology. The balance of power the region depends upon one country to counter other and susta in and mentain the strategic balance in the region. Space warfare is the fourth way of war after land air and sea. Many countries are focusing of enhasment of their program. India is getting help In there program from countries like Israel, US, Russia and on the other had Pakistan is getting its support from china. India developing it program as to counter china, as china and India share the border and the strategic consequence of India in future concerned about becoming a economic and military power. Most important concerned for Pakistan is to counter the Indian technology that is increasing day by day. As space has became the fourth medium of military operation so both countries are making effectors towards enchasing there programs to get the strategic advantage out of this. The region of South Asia has been greatly influenced by these two nuclear power states. CONCLUSION:- Space has become the fourth mode of warfare as the rapid growth in technology made it so. Pakistan and India space program has almost start at same time but India has a much advance space program that of Pakistan. As India has been investing a lot on it space program and day by day it enchasing it space program. Pakistan progress towards the space program is slow but it is effective and qualitative. As a new medium has it implications both on the strategic and on the conventional forces a well. After the Iraq war and us using the satellite technology it alert other countries of the world also to center their focus on the space program for the military use. Indian forces as compare to Pakistani are superior in both the context of the strategic and the conventional. The strategic forces can get faster victory then the conventional forces as flying over the enemy armies destroying the factories, communication channels and there way of transport can bring victory very fast. It increase t he efficiency make the operation speedy. As Pakistan is facing the worst time situation of the security and economical graph of Pakistan has come down. So investing a lot in this type of situation is a difficult task. The new advent in technology automatically make as misbalance between the strategic forces of both the countries. The anti satellite technology laser weapon and missiles has great effect on the strategic forces of both the countries. Technological advance whether in weapon or in technology can influenced upon directly the balance of power in the region. Asia there are five major space actors in which there are US, Russia, China, Japan and India, except Japan others are the nuclear weapon states. India is getting help in it program from unites states, Russia and Israel and on the other hand Pakistan is getting help from china. By using a satellite both countries India and Pakistan can be make perfection in their targets, it can provide more accuracy in targeting consequ ences. Pakistan have to increase it budget in this field as if it want to counter china, rapid and effect progress is needed in this field. IST (Institute of Space technology) is important foundation towards the vocational education and making man power from space program. More institution of that type should be built so as they can play an effective role in strengthening the space program of Pakistan. As fourth medium of warfare there is possibility that next wars would be fought in outer space. The militarization of space has become more reflective. As now India has edge over Pakistan but Pakistan has been availing all possible measures to counter Indian technology. Indian and Pakistani balance of space technology important for balance of power in the region mainly in South Asia. Pakistan has to work on serious notes if it wants to counter India space program as it is lot of gap in the two countries program.